It was in 1895 when the Lumiere Brothers invented Cinematographe which was 3 in 1 device the managed to record, project and capture motion picture.The Lumiere Brothers had a fantastic idea although soon after, in 1901, Edwin S. Porter proved that film didn't have to be only one long still. In 1908 D.W Griffith created a film named ''For Love of Gold" which was the very first film to feature a continuity cut when a scene cut. D.W Griffith
Griffiths finally realized that emotions were able to be portrayed through different camera angles and by changing the pace of the clips as well as by using the actors themselves. Griffith also got credit for the narrative of a film.He created a film called ''The Clansman'' in 1915 and this film included many camera techniques such as panoramic long shots, still shots, iris effect, panning and cross cutting shots. All these techniques are used today throughout the creation of films.Analog editing was used before digital editing which is editing on a computer. The film negatives would be cut down and then correctly ordered to create the film. The film would then go through a machine called a Moviola. Digital editing is extremely quicker and a lot more efficient for film. There is a wide range of programs which you are able to edit film on such as Adobe Premier Pro, Final cut Pro and iMovie. All the footage is moved onto a timeline and then you are able to cut and paste the clips and re arrange them to suit your film. Once this is complete you can add in effects to change the look of your clips.
With editing films are getting more and more popular nowadays as they are easily watchable and more interesting. The camera angles, effects etc. make the films more exciting and that's the reason why the views are increasing. With editing it allows the films to flow, it also provides a narrative when using different camera angles and pace. Film editors realised in 1900 that they needed to create their films in a different way to usual so that more people will enjoy them.
Popular effects now a days are cuts, jump cuts, fades and washout. These effects are put in place so that the film is more fast paced .
The clip i have chosen is The record toss from 'Shaun of the Dead' The film is edited accurately with fast paced cuts to create tension for the viewers. The zombies are kept at a slow pace which also increases intensity.
An establishing shot is the first shot when a new scene comes up. It is used to show action to the audience, it is mostly a very wide shot or even an extreme wide shot.
The 180° rule is a guideline which states that both characters in the scene should maintain the same position as in left and right to one another. When the camera passes over the invisible axis it is names crossing the line and then the shot becomes a reverse angle.
Match cuts on action is a cut film editing between a few of either the different objects, two different spaces, and also two different compositions in which the objects graphically match, this helps to establish a solid continuity of action and it links both the shots metaphorically.
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A shot reverse shot is a technique which film makers use where a character is shown looking for another character who is often not on screen, you then see the other character looking back at the first character.
An eye-line match cut is a technique which film editors use and it also links with the continuity editing system. This is used to allow the viewers to see exactly what the characters are seeing. The eye-line match cut starts off with a character looking at something which is not on screen, and then followed by a cut which allows you too see the object/person they are looking at
The screen time is focused on the main character, the main actor has to have the most screen time so that the audience's attention is aimed to him. This is used so that the main character is clearly stated and you then see more of what the character is doing instead of extras and more boring scenes.
These are examples from my clip where Shaun (the main character) is on screen for pretty much the whole clip.
(Screen time)
The point of view shot is used to allow the audience to see the scene from the actors perspective. It is done by looking through the camera and the camera isn't focused on anyone else it is just created to look as if its from the characters view. This is an example of when the actors look down to the tv and see that there is a zombie apocalypse happening.Close ups are used to show detail of the characters and emphasize their emotions. The viewers are drawn to their personal spacer and it allows the characters to share their feelings.
This is an example from Shaun of the Dead from when David tried shooting Shaun's mum, you can see the anger and sadness on Shaun's face in this CU Shot ---->A reaction shot is kind of like a close up and it implies the display of different emotions on the actors face. It is very similar to the CU shot although with the reaction shot there can be the faces of a group of actors expressing their emotions together.
Shot variation is a technique used when filming to produce a sequence of images whilst using movement. These kinds of shots include wide shots, to set the tone of the scene, long shots, to grab the audiences attention to remain on a specific character, a medium shot, used in dialogue scenes as well as action scenes to allow the audience to follow the narrative.
Montage is a technique in film editing in where there is a series of short shots which are edited into a sequence to decrease space, time and information.
This is an example of montage editing in Shaun of the Dead showing Shaun's everyday routine with fast paced cuts.Parallel editing/cross-cutting is a technique which shows an alternation between two or more scenes which often happen continuously after each other but in different locations.
Editing rhythm is what editors use to keep the pace going throughout the film which is used to increase the action and keep the audience interested, it keeps the film lively, fast and aggressive. If this isn't used and slow cuts are used instead then the atmosphere of the film is quite calming and rather boring.
This shows editing rhythm from my clip which keeps the tension coming and the shots are fast paced and quick cuts to show danger.
Cutting the soundtrack is when the pace of the cuts are done by the speed of the song. i.e. if there is a fast action clip then the music will be upbeat and loud.
At 1:00 in my clip the soundtrack cuts from a high pitch scary score to a fast upbeat soundtrack. This is done when they realized it is is going to be hard to kill the zombies. This technique is used to keep the views interested and creates tension. They notice that the discs would be a good way of destroying the zombies so there is a cut to the discs and then the soundtrack changes for the next scene of action.In film and video, editors use cutaway shots to interrupt the continuously filmed action. It is usually followed by a cut back to the first shot when the jump cut is avoided by the cutaway. A jump cut is a cut in film in which two shots of the same topic are taken from slightly variable camera angles. This effect makes it look as if it is jumping forwards
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